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This is a list of examples of Jim Crow laws, which were state and local laws in the United States enacted between 1876 and 1965. Jim Crow laws existed mainly in the South and originated from the Black Codes that were enforced from 1865 to 1866 and from prewar segregation on railroad cars in northern cities. The laws sprouted up in the late 19th century after Reconstruction and lasted until the 1960s.〔Jessica McElrath (2008) (【引用サイトリンク】url=http://afroamhistory.about.com/od/jimcrowlaw1/a/creationjimcrow.htm )〕 They mandated de jure segregation in all public facilities, with a supposedly "separate but equal" status for Americans of African descent. In reality, this led to treatment that was usually inferior to those provided for Americans of European descent, systematizing a number of economic, educational and social disadvantages.〔Brogan (1999):371〕 State-sponsored school segregation was repudiated by the Supreme Court of the United States in 1954 in ''Brown v. Board of Education''. Generally, segregation and discrimination were outlawed by the Civil Rights Act of 1964.〔Brogan (1999):635〕 == Arizona== 1865: Miscegenation () Marriages between whites with "Negroes, mulattoes, Indians, Mongolians" were declared illegal and void. The word "Descendants" does not appear in the statute. 1901: Miscegenation () Revision of the 1865 statute which added the word "descendants" to the list of minority groups. The revised statutes also stated that marriages would be valid if legal where they were contracted, but noted that Arizona residents could not evade the law by going to another state to perform the ceremony. 1909: Education () School district trustees were given the authority to segregate black students from white children only where there were more than eight Negro pupils in the school district. The legislature passed the law over a veto by the governor. 1911-1962: Segregation, miscegenation, voting () Passed six segregation laws: four against miscegenation and two school segregation statutes, and a voting rights statute that required electors to pass a literacy test. The state's miscegenation laws prohibited blacks as well as Indians and Asians from marrying whites, and were not repealed until 1962. 1927: Education () In areas with 25 or more black high school students, an election would be called to determine if these pupils should be segregated in separate but equal facilities. 1928: Miscegenation (Code ) Forbid marriages between persons of the Caucasian, Asian and Malay races. 1942: Miscegenation (Decision ) Supreme Court of Arizona interprets anti-miscegenation statute in a manner which prohibits persons of mixed racial heritage from marrying anyone. Court acknowledges that its interpretation is "absurd" and recommends that Legislature pass amendment thereto.〔State v. Pass, 59 Ariz. 16, 121 P.2d 882 (1942)〕 1956: Miscegenation () Marriage of person of "Caucasian blood with Negro, Mongolian, Malay, or Hindu void." Native Americans were originally included in an earlier statute, but were deleted by a 1942 amendment. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「List of Jim Crow law examples by state」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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